COMMUNITIES

The first female rabbi in Italy celebrates anukkah at Lev Chadash synagogue in Milan, 2004. Silvia MoraraCorbis. The first female rabbi in Italy celebrates Ḥanukkah at Lev Chadash synagogue in Milan, 2004. © Silvia Morara/Corbis.   IN 2005, THE WORLDWIDE JEWISH POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED TO BE CLOSE TO 14 MILLION PERSONS, WITH ITS LARGEST NUMBERS IN NORTH AMERICA AND ISRAEL. DESPITE THE LARGE CONCENTRATIONS IN THESE TWO GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS, THERE ARE JEWS ALL OVER THE WORLD WHO COME FROM A VARIETY OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC BACKGROUNDS. HERE ARE A FEW FACES THAT ILLUSTRATE THE DIVERSITY AND VIBRANCY OF JEWISH LIFE IN ITS MANY WORLD-SCATTERED COMMUNITIES.   A large gathering of Brooklyns Orthodox Jewish community wait for the reading of Psalms in front of a synagogue in the Borough Park neighborhood in New York, 2000. AP Images. A large gathering of Brooklyn's Orthodox Jewish community wait for the reading of Psalms in front of a synagogue in the Borough Park neighborhood in New York, 2000. AP Images.     Jewish man at the entrance of the synagogue in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. Photo: Theodore Cohen, USA. By courtesy of Beth Hatefutsoth Photo Archive, Tel Aviv. Jewish man at the entrance of the synagogue in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. Photo: Theodore Cohen, USA. By courtesy of Beth Hatefutsoth Photo Archive, Tel Aviv.     A closing prayer during a seder at a Jewish Community Center in New York City, 2005. AP Images. A closing prayer during a seder at a Jewish Community Center in New York City, 2005. AP Images.   In Havana, Cuba, teenagers play Celebrating the Sabbath, a board game created by a member of the Jewish community there, 2005. ADALBERTO ROQUEAFPGetty Images. In Havana, Cuba, teenagers play "Celebrating the Sabbath," a board game created by a member of the Jewish community there, 2005. ADALBERTO ROQUE/AFP/Getty Images.     Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue; Alexandria, Egypt, 1994. Photo: Shlomo Taitz, Israel. By courtesy of Beth Hatefutsoth Photo Archive, Tel Aviv. Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue; Alexandria, Egypt, 1994. Photo: Shlomo Taitz, Israel. By courtesy of Beth Hatefutsoth Photo Archive, Tel Aviv.   Members of the Judah Hyam Hall Synagogue in New Delhi sing hymns during Sabbath service, 2003. FINDLAY KEMBERAFPGetty Images. Members of the Judah Hyam Hall Synagogue in New Delhi sing hymns during Sabbath service, 2003. FINDLAY KEMBER/AFP/Getty Images.     The rabbi and a few members of the oldest synagogue in Barcelona transport the gift of a medieval Torah scroll under a huppah to their recently restored temple, Spain, 2005. AP Images. The rabbi and a few members of the oldest synagogue in Barcelona transport the gift of a medieval Torah scroll under a huppah to their recently restored temple, Spain, 2005. AP Images.     Rejoicing at the Hillula (festivity) of R. Jacob Abi-Hasira; Damanhur, Egypt, 1994. Photo: Shlomo Taitz, Israel. By courtesy of Beth Hatefutsoth Photo Archive, Tel Aviv. of R. Jacob Abi-Hasira; Damanhur, Egypt, 1994. Photo: Shlomo Taitz, Israel. By courtesy of Beth Hatefutsoth Photo Archive, Tel Aviv.") Rejoicing at the Hillula (festivity) of R. Jacob Abi-Hasira; Damanhur, Egypt, 1994. Photo: Shlomo Taitz, Israel. By courtesy of Beth Hatefutsoth Photo Archive, Tel Aviv.   A South African bride is lifted up on a chair by some of her wedding guests as her groomin the backgroundis lifted as well at their reception in Johannesburg, 2005. Eitan SimanorAlamy. A South African bride is lifted up on a chair by some of her wedding guests as her groom—in the background—is lifted as well at their reception in Johannesburg, 2005. © Eitan Simanor/Alamy.     The contrast offered by Israeli society: Two young women, fashionably dressed, walk by two men wearing tallits (prayer shawls) and tefillin (phylacteries) in the city center of Jerusalem, 2000. Koren ZivCorbis Sygma. and tefillin (phylacteries) in the city center of Jerusalem, 2000. Koren ZivCorbis Sygma.") The contrast offered by Israeli society: Two young women, fashionably dressed, walk by two men wearing tallits (prayer shawls) and tefillin (phylacteries) in the city center of Jerusalem, 2000. © Koren Ziv/Corbis Sygma.   Pilgrims process through the Hara, or Jewish quarter, on their way to El Ghriba synagogue on the Isle of Djerba, Tunisia, 2003. FETHI BELAIDAFP Getty Images. Pilgrims process through the Hara, or Jewish quarter, on their way to El Ghriba synagogue on the Isle of Djerba, Tunisia, 2003. FETHI BELAID/AFP/ Getty Images.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 6 DR–FEU FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager Rachel Gilon, Editorial Project Planning and Control Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning Gordon Macomber, President Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn, Publisher Hélène Potter, Publishing Director Keter Publishing House Yiphtach Dekel, Chief Executive Officer Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director Complete staff listings appear in Volume 1 ©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd. Gale, is a part of The Cengage Learning Inc. Cengage, Burst Logo and Macmillan Reference USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license. For more information, contact Macmillan Reference USA An imprint of Gale 27500 Drake Rd. 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Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries DR–FEU 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 779 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 780 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 786 • Transliteration Rules 799 Glossary 802 DRA DRA (Draa), river valley region in southern Morocco on the borders of the Sahara. Many well-known scholars have ethnic regional names such as Dar'i, Edrei, etc., meaning "from Dra." According to an ancient legend, Dra was an independent Jewish state which was overthrown in wars with the Christians. In the Middle Ages active communities in the region corresponded with the Babylonian geonim. The Jews of Dra were the first to suffer during the almohad persecutions. The geographer Yaqut (1179–1229) stated that most tradesmen in the Dra valley were Jews. Dra is a fertile area with gardens and date-palm groves and until the mid-1950s Jews owned land farmed by "haratin," descendants of black slaves. As late as 1930, there were mellahs in the villages of Tamnugalt, Qasbat al-Makhzan, Rabat-Tinzulin, Arumiyat, Mansuriya, Amzru, Alhammid, and Mhamid, containing about 500 families. Some Jewish notables participated in the political life of the region as delegates to the 'councils' which governed this Berber-Arab society. -BIBLIOGRAPHY: J.M. Toledano, Ner ha-Ma'arav (1911), 13, 26, 47, 109–10; Villes et tribus du Maroc, 9 (1931), 94–95, 127, 178, 181; Hirschberg, Afrikah, 1 (1965), 90–91, 101, 236, 302; 2 (1965), 27; idem, Me-Ereẓ Mevo ha-Shemesh (1957), 105–13; Corcos, in: Sefunot, 10 (1966), 75–79. (David Corcos)